Andean cosmology is the ancient spiritual and religious beliefs of the indigenous peoples of the Andean region of South America, which includes countries such as Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. The Andean cosmovision, as it is known in Spanish, is a complex and nuanced system of beliefs that has evolved over thousands of years.
One of the key elements of Andean cosmology is the concept of Pacha Mama, or Mother Earth. In Andean belief, Pacha Mama is a living being who is responsible for the creation and maintenance of the natural world. She is often associated with fertility, and is considered to be the source of all life. Andean people believe that Pacha Mama is to be honored and respected, and offerings are often made to her in the form of food, drink, and other gifts.
Another important aspect of Andean cosmology is the belief in the power of the Apus, or mountain spirits. The Andes are home to many sacred peaks, and the Apus are believed to reside in these mountains. They are considered to be powerful and benevolent spirits who can provide protection, guidance, and blessings to those who honor them.
Andean cosmology also includes a complex pantheon of deities and spirits, including the sun god Inti, the moon goddess Quilla, and the god of thunder and lightning, Illapa. These deities are believed to control the forces of nature and are honored and worshiped in various rituals and ceremonies.
One of the most important aspects of Andean cosmology is the concept of the Kawsay Pacha, or "Living World." This refers to the belief that all living beings, including humans, animals, plants, and spirits, are interconnected and interdependent. Andean people believe that by living in harmony with the natural world, they can maintain the balance and well-being of the Kawsay Pacha.
Andean cosmology also includes the belief in the importance of ancestor worship and the continuation of the spiritual legacy through the generations. Andean people believe that the spirits of their ancestors continue to exist and play a role in the lives of their descendants.
Andean cosmology also has its roots in ancient shamanic practices and the use of psychoactive plants such as ayahuasca and San Pedro to connect with the spiritual realm. These practices continue to be an important part of Andean spiritual beliefs and practices today.
In the past, Andean cosmology was passed down through oral tradition, but with the arrival of the Spanish colonizers in the 16th century, many of these beliefs were suppressed or lost. However, in recent years there has been a resurgence of interest in Andean cosmology, and many indigenous communities are working to reclaim and preserve their traditional beliefs and practices.