Epicurean gardens, also known as "horti Epicurei," were private retreats inspired by the philosophy of Epicurus, a Greek philosopher who lived in the 4th century BCE. Epicurus believed that pleasure, or "ataraxia," was the ultimate goal of human existence, and that this could be achieved through the pursuit of wisdom and the avoidance of pain. He also believed that living in harmony with nature was essential for achieving this state of pleasure.
As a result, Epicurean gardens were designed to provide a peaceful and natural environment for contemplation, study, and relaxation. They were typically located outside of cities and towns, and often included natural features such as groves of trees, fountains, and streams. They were also often adorned with sculptures, inscriptions, and other decorative elements that reflected the philosophy of Epicurus.
The gardens were also often used for the study of philosophy and science. The gardens were not only a place for relaxation, but also a place for intellectual pursuit. They were often used as a location for philosophical discussions and debates, as well as a place to conduct scientific experiments and observations.
Epicurean gardens were also seen as a way to escape the distractions and excesses of urban life. They were a place to withdraw from the world, and to focus on the pursuit of wisdom and pleasure. This idea of escaping the world to focus on one's inner self is also a core concept in many new age spiritual practices, which often place a strong emphasis on the importance of connecting with nature and finding inner peace.
The legacy of the Epicurean gardens can also be seen in the modern "therapeutic landscapes" movement, which advocates for the use of gardens and other natural spaces as a means of promoting physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. Many hospitals, schools, and other institutions now incorporate gardens and other natural elements into their designs as a way of promoting healing and well-being.